Samsung Cloud is baked into the OS. I found two apps associated with it, and when whitelisting them didn't work to bring it back, I tried with a blank blacklist, and it still isn't there. To my understanding, a blank blacklist should be the same as a stock device, but I keep running into "missing" features.
I am attaching two screenshots of the settings page: the stock/standard setup device has "Cloud and Accounts" as an option, where the Device Owner device only has "Accounts" - the cloud functionality is simply missing. Oh, I guess I can't attach an image or file to this message? That's surprising and disappointing. I'll PM them to you if I can.
The two package ID's I was able to find were com.samsung.android.slinkcloud and com.samsung.android.scloud.
Thanks for your help! I might end up just not using Device Owner mode for now, but that is a last resort.