Sounds like an MTU squeeze to me (smaller packets making it through, large packets failing).
Try lowing the MTU on a test Windows machine. From an Administrative command prompt:
netsh interface ipv4 show subinterface
Identify the name of the interface with all the traffic, and then:
netsh interface ipv4 set subinterface “<name>” mtu=1300
The above will cause a temporary change which is undone on reboot. It will confirm this is or is not the issue.